Sudan Genetics! ❌

Greetings, showcased here are all the studies that have been done on both ancient and modern Sudan. As always, things are ordered by the release date and relevance by section! The Republic of Sudan has a complex genetic history as it is located at the crossroads of many different African population groups, and is rich in ethnic diversity.

List of Ancient DNA Findings:
In 1997, mtDNA analysis of Ancient Nubians revealed
🔗https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9158841/
In 2009, Hisham Yousif and Muntaser Eltayeb with the University of Khartoum managed to successfully extract ancient DNA from bone samples stored at the Sudan National Museum. The specimens dated from the Neolithic, Meroitic, Post-Meroitic and Christian periods, with the Neolithic specimens (6500 - 3500 BCE) belonging to the Kadruka culture. Haplogroups A-M13 was found at high frequencies among Neolithic samples. Haplogroup F-M89 and YAP appeared to be more frequent among Meroitic, Post-Meroitic and Christian periods. Haplogroup B-M60 was not observed in the sample analyzed.
🔗Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial (Hassan 2009).pdf | DocDroid
In 2014, a male infant skeleton was recovered during an excavation in what is present-day Wadi Halfa from the Christian Period (500-1400 C.E.), located near the Second Cataract of the Nile in the Republic of the Sudan. The results from the Principle component analysis (PCA) had the individual placed between African and European clusters. Furthermore, the individual was assigned to L5a1a, a branch of the ancient L5 haplogroup with origins in East Africa.
🔗(PDF) Ancient DNA analysis of an infant from Sudanese Nubia (ca 500-1400 C.E.) (researchgate.net)
A follow up analysis by Kendra Sirak in 2015, instead studied a Nubian from the site of Kulubnarti from the same period. The geographic ancestry of the individual was estimated to be closer to Middle Eastern, and Central and South Asians, rather than to any African population. However, no North African or Horn of African populations were used in the analysis as they are unavailable in the data bank. the https://www.coriell.org/1/NHGRI/Collections/1000-Genomes-Project-Collection/African-Caribbean-in-Barbados-ACB & https://www.internationalgenome.org/data-portal/data-collection/hgdp
🔗(PDF) No longer the 1%: Optimizing ancient DNA yield from Saharan African samples (researchgate.net)
In 2019, Abigail
🔗Populations of the Middle Nile: Using Bioarchaeological and Paleogenetic Analyses to Understand Nubian Ancestry (umich.edu)
https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/153487

In 2019, genetic data was retrieved from 5 individuals, these were classed into HV, H, K, U, and R haplogroups. 
🔗(PDF) Paleogenetic Investigation of Medieval Nubian Population from El-Kurru, Sudan | Abagail M Breidenstein - Academia.edu
🔗abstein_1.pdf (umich.edu)

🔗Social stratification without genetic differentiation at the site of Kulubnarti in Christian Period Nubia | Nature Communications
🔗Ancient Human DNA and African Population History | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology (harvard.edu)

PCA Diagram Showing Ancient Kulubnarti Clustering with Northern Sudanese & Ancient Egyptians Clustering with Coptic Egyptians
Y-Chromosome Variation from the Kulubnarti Cemeteries
Maternal Chromosome Variation from the Kulubnarti Cemeteries
In 2022, DNA was sequenced from the hair of a Kerma period individual (4000 BP), and the results revealed close genetic affinity to early pastoralists from the Rift Valley in eastern Africa during the Pastoral Neolithic.
🔗4000-year-old hair from the Middle Nile highlights unusual ancient DNA degradation pattern and a potential source of early eastern Africa pastoralists | Scientific Reports (nature.com)
🔗https://revoiye.com/possible-upcoming-study-on-neolithic-nubian-remains/
Upcoming Studies Include: 'Paleogenomic Insights Into Nubian Ancestry from Ancient Middle Nile Population', which sequenced 43 individuals from 
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341701736_New_perspectives_on_Nubian_ancestry_Paleogenomic_investigation_of_the_ancient_Middle_Nile_Region

Other Findings!
A sample from historic Lower Nubia, in the Nubian site of Sayala during the 3rd-6th Century AD, belonged to mtDNA haplogroup J1c.
🔗The elusive parasite: comparing macroscopic, immunological, and genomic approaches to identifying malaria in human skeletal remains from Sayala, Egypt (third to sixth centuries AD) - PMC (nih.gov)
A 2020 study that sampled 8 X-Group inhabitants, and 1 Christian-period, 1 Late Meroitic, and 1 Meroitic, found the former to belong to L1b, L2, L3, H2, N, T1a, X and V. The investigation of the X-Group, showed signs of admixture from the Levant region and North Africa. They again sampled 13 individuals, and discovered Haplotypes were L1, L2, L3 (2), N, H1, H2, N, T1, X (2), and W. They consider this to be seen as in influx of Sub-Saharan African ancestry after the Meroitic period, which was similarly stated by Schuenemann et al. (2017). The study overall concluded that X-Group culture was a more diverse society based on a Sub-Saharan element, but with Eurasiatic admixture from the Levant and North Africa.
🔗Evaluation of DNA conservation in Nile-Saharan environment, Missiminia, in Nubia: Tracking maternal lineage of “X-Group” | bioRxiv
A 1st century Nubian mercenary genome from Serbia (Roman Empire) carried haplogroup E-V32 and L2a1j. On the PCA, the outlier individual clustered with present day East African populations. The study also found individuals with high North African ancestry, with the 100% North African individual clustering with present day North African populations. The clades they belonged to were J2a1a2b2 and mtDNA H14a and V. Overall, the Pre-Islamic or Ancient North Africans were similar to modern ones.
🔗Cosmopolitanism at the Roman Danubian Frontier, Slavic Migrations, and the Genomic Formation of Modern Balkan Peoples | bioRxiv
🔗A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations: Cell

Bioanthropological Studies:
Craniometrics, Dental Traits and Body Morphology
1910, it was seen that the A-Group was shown to bear some similarities to Pre-Dynastic Thebians. Nubia was considered to be occupied with Egyptians. The Nubians were seen to have black and brown hair, which was mostly straight. 
🔗(1910) The Archaeological Survey of Nubia (Report for 1907-1908) - [PDF Document] (vdocument.in)
In 1914 a skull from Kerma showed no signs of Negroid traits, and showed closer affinities with the wealthy classes from New Kingdom Theban tombs. 
🔗Note on the Skull of Kerma 1065 A. (degruyter.com)
C. G. Seligman
🔗Some Aspects of the Hamitic Problem in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. (archive.org)
According toEugene Stourhal in a review of the antrhopology, the original Europid or Caucasion stock of Nubia was several times overrun by waves of Negroes from the south.
🔗Ref123223243 
In 1981, a study showed that Kermans and Ancient Nubians, were more similar to Tigrayans, than to modern Aswan/Elephantine Island communities who have more Negro inffluence.
🔗https://www.persee.fr/doc/bmsap_0037-8984_1981_num_8_3_3828#:~:text=Il%20s'agit%20l%C3%A0%20d,et%20aux%20nez%20plus%20larges.
In 1999, the anthropological characteristics of Nubians from the upper paleolithic to late 16th century BC were analyzed and reviewed. The Mesolithic period inhabitants were robust and tall. During the Neolithic, the Nubians were less robust and shorter, with prognathism, but the facial shape changed, with a narrower nose. Thus, over the period of 8,500 years the features of both male and female skulls shifted to a considerable degree. The variety of morphological forms, which occurred in Nubia, was considered a result from the combination of Caucasoid and Negroid traits. Pudlo concluded that the Nubians were hardly a homogeneous population. Neither the climate nor the specific geographic conditions in the region they inhabited were conducive of such homogeneity. The population of Nubia was shaped by several migration waves coming from Northwest Africa and from Asia through Sinai and Yemen. All those population movements gained an intensity in the Neolithic, but they did not prevent repeated contacts of the people of Nubia with Southern Africa.
🔗https://www.academia.edu/33460334/Population_of_Nubia_up_to_the_16th_century_BC
In 2001, based on the mandible of one sample in the early Neolithic of Nabta Playa, the people of Nabta playa could have been similar to Negroes south of the Sahara. 

🔗https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-0653-9_18
🔗Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara - Fred Wendorf, Romuald Schild - Google Books
🔗Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara: Volume 1: The Archaeology of ... - Fred Wendorf, Romuald Schild - Google Books
Eugene Strouhal (2007), studied the A-Group, and said the first element of a Negroid elements being substantil was with the C-Group,, dsdd. Furthermore, in the Tombos tombs a colony of Egypt, of Egyptian style, archeologists had previous said they were Egyptianised Nubians, however by anthropologically they were more akin to people of Upper and Lower Egyptian origin who settled in the area, who migrated as scribes and officers into Lower Nubia (some even to Upper Nubia). The region would later be occupied by a new group of mixed Negroid and Caucasoid characteristics. He also noted: "A further work by Billy (1988) classified the populations of Egyptian Nubia basically into the realm of North-African Whites, the Mediterraneans. Their relations to Sub-Saharan Africa are secondary. There exists a convergence of forms between the Egyptian Nubians and populations on the Ethiopian coast as far as the coast of Yemen, due to similarly operating genetic mixtures."
🔗Anthropology of the Egyptian Nubian Men - Strouhal - 2007 - ANTHROPOLOGIE (mzm.cz)
🔗http://puvodni.mzm.cz/Anthropologie/downloads/articles/2007/Strouhal_2007_p105-245.pdf

In 2011, it was noted by Becker that the A-group was not a part of the Saharo-Nilotic complex. 
🔗
In 2016, a study on Nubians over 11,000 years summarized that: "Taken together, our results suggest a dramatic shift in cranial morphology between the Mesolithic and the A-group cultural group, with little perceptible change in cranial shape between A-group and the later farming groups. In the case of the mandible, we observe the largest morphological change between the Mesolithic and the A-group, but also see morphological differentiation between the early farmers (A- and C-group) and the later farming groups (Pharaonic and Meroitic specimens)."
🔗11,000 years of craniofacial and mandibular variation in Lower Nubia | Scientific Reports (nature.com)
In 2011, Ron Pinhasi and Jay T. Stock found the limb ratios of Jebel Sahaba and Kerma to have the greatest stature, both were considered to be viewed as a homogenous subset. They were significantly different from the el-Badari and Hierakanopolis results.
🔗Human Bioarchaeology of the Transition to Agriculture - Google Books
A 2013 study showed that Jebel Sahaba limb ration shared close affinities with recent Pygmy, East Africans, West Africans, Sudanese, San, Egyptians and African-Americans. In contrast, the Neolithic Iberomaurusians and Natufians plotted with recent Europeans and Asians.
🔗International Journal of Osteoarchaeology | Wiley Online Library
(PDF) Population Affinities of the Jebel Sahaba Skeletal Sample: Limb Proportion Evidence (researchgate.net)
holliday2013.pdf | DocDroid
C-Group was found that

🔗Dental_affinities_of_the_C-group_inhabit20161127-14524-1sxy13p-libre.pdf (d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net)
According to a study of Nubian dental affinities by Joel Irish (2005), traits characterising Late Paleolithic samples from Nubia are common in recent populations south of the Sahara, whereas traits shared by Final Neolithic and later Nubians more closely emulate those found among groups originating to the north, i.e. in Egypt, and to a diminishing degree, greater North Africa, West Asia, and Europe. Irish concluded that “genetic discontinuity, in the form of population replacement or swamping of an indigenous gene pool, occurred in Nubia sometime after the late Pleistocene." In 2007, Irish found that C-Group was plotted away from Pre-Dynastic Egyptians, and only assosiated with other Nubians. In 2010,  In Irish 2021
🔗(PDF) Population continuity vs. discontinuity revisited: Dental affinities among late Paleolithic through Christian-era Nubians | Joel Irish - Academia.edu
🔗(PDF) Overview of the Hierakonpolis C-Group dental remains. (researchgate.net)
🔗Dental affinities of the C-group inhabitants of Hierakonpolis, Egypt: Nubian, Egyptian, or both? - ScienceDirect
IrishRSPBFinal.pdf (ljmu.ac.uk)
A 2007 study on Jebel Moya found them to have dental traits similar to North Africans, but cranially more akin to Sub-Saharan samples. The reason for these affiniied according to the reasearchers, were that Jebel Moya were admixed people, or a heterogenous populace. Incidentally in the study, he also made inferences that the Badarians were not having affinities with Sub-Saharan Africans, but more so with North Africans. However, in the study the North Africa cluster includes its closest modern reference population as being admixed Tigrays of northern Eritrea. These samples were much closer than the Sedment Egyptians of the 9th Dynasty or 6th-30th Dynasties of Gizah. 
🔗(PDF) The Ancient Inhabitants of Jebel Moya Redux: Measures of Population Affinity Based on Dental Morphology (researchgate.net)
In 2011, Becker
🔗https://d-nb.info/1017994757/34
In 2015, Nabta Playa site in Lower Nubia suggest that the Neolithic inhabitants of the region included migrants from both Sub-Saharan Africa and the Mediterranean area.

🔗(PDF) Astronomy of Nabta Playa (researchgate.net)
In 2016, Mesolithic samples from Al-Khiday clustered with later Nubian series, but Jebel Sahaba was very distant from all groups.
🔗Science in the Study of Ancient Egypt - Sonia Zakrzewski, Andrew Shortland, Joanne Rowland - Google Books

In 2021
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0969
Modern Sudanese

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379352796_Morphological_structure_and_ethnic_background_of_the_Sudanese_Shagia_tribe_East_Africa

Contemporary DNA Studies:
Y-Chromosome Data

🔗Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history - PubMed (nih.gov)

'Genetic Patterns of Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan' - 2009 (Research) 

Mitochondrial Data
In 2007, the mtDNA haplotype diversity for 102 individuals in Northern Sudan was analysed. The haplogroup distribution was 22.5% of Eurasian ancestry, 4.9% of the East African M1 lineage, and 72.5% of sub-Saharan affiliation.
mtDNA diversity in Sudan (East Africa) - Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series (fsigeneticssup.com)
According to Hassan et al. (2009) approximately 83% of Nubian samples carried various subclades of the Africa-centered macrohaplogroup L. Of these, the most frequent were: 30.8% L3, 20.6% L0a, 10.3% L2, 6.9% L1, 6.9% L4, 6.9% L5. The remaining 17% of Nubians belonged to sublineages of Eurasian macrohaplogroups: 6.8% haplogroup M (3.4% M/D, 3.4% M1), 3.4% haplogroup N1a, 3.4% haplogroup R0, 3.4%, haplogroup R/haplogroup U6a1.
🔗Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial (Hassan 2009).pdf | DocDroid
In 2010, analysing a different group of Nubian individuals in Sudan, Amy Non found identical, but higher frequencies of the Eurasian macrohaplogroups M and N: 16% belonged to the M clade (around 9% to M1), with the rest bearing N sub-haplogroups: approximately 8% haplogroup R0, 3% haplogroup T1a, 1% haplogroup H. The remaining 63% of Nubians carried various Africa-centered macrohaplogroup, majority being L(xM,N) derivatives, with about 11% of individuals specifically belonging to the L2a1 subclade. However, as I have stated many times before, M1 is actually an Eastern African lineage!
🔗UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA THESIS OR DISSERTATION FORMATTING TEMPLATE (ufl.edu)
DS SD
🔗Anthromadness: Sudanese Arab and Nubian mtDNA is mostly non-Eurasian? 

Sudanese Arabs:

Osman et al. (2021), recognized that the general maternal gene pool of Sudanese populations may have been formed by in-situ development: "Expectedly the L0 was confined to populations previously shown to occupy the deepest and most ancestral lineages in the human evolutionary tree. The observed regional variation and diversity, depicted in various metrics imply that the female lineages in this part of Africa are likely to have been shaped by a longer history of in-situ evolution." variation but also in most cases the ancestral position of these sequences."

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214540020301924

Autosomal Data
Genetic distance analysis in 1988, showed that the Beja and Gaalien tribes have more pronounced Arab genetic characteristics than the Hawazma and Messeria.
🔗Genetic heterogeneity among the Negroid and Arab Tribes of the Sudan - Tay - 1988 - American Journal of Physical Anthropology - Wiley Online Library
Babiker, H. M., Schlebusch, C. M., Hassan, H. Y., et al. (2011) revealed that individuals from northern Sudan clustered with those from Egypt, while individuals from South Sudan clustered with those from Karamoja (Uganda). They also discovered Nubian groups shared certain alleles with the Karamojong of Uganda, potentially suggesting some shared ancestry with them and Southern Sudanese. They concluded that; "the similarity of the Nubian and Egyptian populations suggest that migration, potentially bidirectional, occurred along the Nile River Valley, which is consistent with the historical evidence for long-term interactions between Egypt and Nubia." The study also noted that the Somali population was found to be genetically distinct from other Northeast African populations, and speculated that the Somali population is of both Eurasian and Sub-Saharan origin, explaining their separation from other East African groups. The same postulation was made for the Sudanese populations, like the Arabs, and Beja who were considered to have also had a mixed Eurasian and Sub-Saharan origins. The researchers indicated that the used 15 STR identifiers are not informative for inference of ancestry, but can to a certain degree distinguish between geographic and linguistic groups in Sudan, Egypt and East Africa. A larger number of markers would be needed for fine-scale population structure analysis.
🔗Genetic variation and population structure of Sudanese populations as indicated by 15 Identifiler sequence-tagged repeat (STR) loci - PMC (nih.gov)
Dobon et al. (2015) identified an ancestral autosomal component of West Eurasian origin that is common to many Sudanese Arabs, Nubians and the Cushitic/Semitic Afroasiatic-speaking populations in the region. Nubians were found to be genetically modelled similar to their Cushitic and Semitic (Afro-Asiatic) neighbors (such as the Beja, Sudanese Arabs, and Ethiopians) rather than to other Nilo-Saharan speakers who lack this Middle Eastern/North African influence on their genome. The study showed that these populations formed a 'North-East cluster', which included Northern Sudanese and the region of Ethiopia. According to the geneticists, this may be explained by the aforementioned groups being a mixture of a population similar to Modern Coptic Egyptians, and an ancestral Southern African one. When increasing the population structure in the admixture analysis program, the Coptic Christians formed a distinct cluster (because of being an endogamous group). The identified "Coptic Component" peaks in Egyptian Copts, and was said to represent Ancient Egyptian ancestry, without the latter Arab and other influences found in the Egyptians sampled. The Copts have migrated to Sudan in the last 200 years, and have historically practiced strict endogamy for over 700 years and are considered to be the most ancient population in Egypt, and generally lack the minor ancestral contributions from other neighboring populations, in distinction to the Muslim Egyptians who are known to have later Sub-Saharan, Levantine and Arabian influences. In general summations, the paper noted that Sudanese Copts showed a common ancestry with North African and Middle Eastern populations, and were more similar to the Arabs than to any other East African population. Darfurians, Nuba and Nilotes grouped into a 'South-West Cluster' and shared ancestry with Sub-Saharan populations, while the 'North-East cluster' populations were intermediate between both groups. 
🔗The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape - PMC (nih.gov)
(Some issues with this Admixture model explained here: https://www.somalispot.com/threads/most-of-muslim-egyptians-arent-copts-ae-in-origin.88602/)

'Sudanese Arabs, Beni-Amer Beja and Nubians: Autosomal DNA Data' - 2015 (Blog)
🔗Anthromadness: Sudanese Arabs, Beni-Amer Beja and Nubians: Autosomal DNA data
Hollfelder et al. (2017) analyzed various populations in Sudan and observed that there is a strong genetic divide between the populations of the Northeast (Nubians, Arabs and Beja) parts of Sudan, and those in the West (Darfurians) and South (Nilotes), and the differentiation is mainly caused by large West Asian influences/ancestry in the former. This admixture was absent in the current-day Nilotic populations in the southern regions (with the unadmixed Nubian genepool being similar to Nilotes). The paper also found close autosomal affinities between their Nubian and Sudanese Arab samples, while the Beja were more similar to, and shared ancestry with Somalis, while the Nilotic, Darfurian and Kordofanian populations had a common ancestry with each other. Moreover, the Sudanese Arabs were seen to have originally been a Nubian-like group, but would receive additional geneflow during the Arab expansions. The authors concluded that; "Hence, the Nubians can be seen as a group with substantial genetic material relating to Nilotes that later received much gene-flow from Eurasians and East Africans. The strongest admixture came from Eurasian populations and was likely quite extensive: 39.41%-47.73%." In Ethiopia, a similar situation was observed with the Gumuz (an Ethiopian Nilotic tribe) compared to their Western Eurasian admixed Cushitic and Semitic neighbors, which lead the authors to assert that: "The modern-day Nilotic groups are likely direct descendants of past populations living in northeast Africa many thousands of years ago." Lastly, with the populations of Egypt, the study explained that the Christian Copts and Muslim Egyptians have a common history linked to smaller population size with low genetic differentiation. Sudanese Copts were seen as admixed between Near Eastern/European populations and northeastern Sudanese ones, in the lower clusters (K=), and resembled the Egyptians in genetic profile. The Sudanese Copts and Egyptians are likewise an admixed population, of Eurasian, and Sub-Saharan ancestries, with a best fit tree model using Bedouins and Nilotics (Nuer) as an outgroup. The behavior in the admixture analyses between the two is overall consistent with shared ancestry between Copts and Egyptians and/or additional genetic drift in the Copts.
🔗Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations | PLOS Genetics

In 2018, Carina M. Schlebusch and Mattias Jakobsson in the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, found that Nilotic populations from South Sudan (e.g. Dinka, Nuer and Shilluk) remained isolated and received little to no geneflow from Eurasians, West African Bantu-speaking farmers, and other surrounding groups. In contrast, Nubians and Arabs in the north showed admixture from Western Eurasian populations. The population structure analysis and inferred ancestry showed that "the Nubian, Arab, and Beja populations of northeastern Africa roughly display equal admixture fractions from a local northeastern African gene pool (similar to the Nilotic component) and an incoming Eurasian migrant component."
In 2023, a paper showed that the back migration into Northeast Africa was a complicated process, and it highlighted issues with attempting to date this Eurasian admixture in Egyptian, Sudanese and Horn of African populations, as some of it is from older expansions, and some recent, which obscures the dating timeframes for the older admixture patterns: "One possible explanation for this phenomenon could be that populations with little or no previous Eurasian admixture would have their inferred admixture date affected more by recent Eurasian admixture than populations that experienced larger admixture in the past. In other words, most, if not all, of the populations in this study have or have had admixture with populations from the Middle East during the Arab expansion, and this newer admixture is obscuring older admixture patterns." It stated that to fully explore the patterns of Eurasian admixture over larger timescales requires larger ancient DNA samples, and acknowledges Eurasian admixture 15,000 years ago in North Africa, but that was not the focus of the study. In it, the Sudanese Copts were genetically similar to the Egyptians from Cairo. They gave very recent historic dates for the Eurasian admixture in all groups (14th Century for Copts, 13th Century for Northern Sudanese around 20 generations ago assosiated with the fall of Dongola by Arab forces, and 1st-7th Century for Ethiopians being 30 generations ago tied to the Red Sea Trade and Yemen), but concluded that: "Identifying the impact of ancient events on populations was not feasible when the original pattern has been distorted or masked by subsequent admixture events. To fully explore the question of Eurasian admixture into Africa over larger timescales likely requires population-level aDNA, especially of the early East African hunter-gatherers such as Mota, and the various in-moving groups, including those containing Eurasian admixture."
🔗Eurasian back-migration into Northeast Africa was a complex and multifaceted process | PLOS ONE
Bird, Nancy et al. (2023) discovered that in contrast to other African groups which saw strong correlation between genetics, ethnicity and geography, the genetic patterns of variation among Sudanese Arabs, Nubians, and Beja, showed no correspondence with ethnicity. All these communities had individuals who fell into two main clusters: Sudan Nile 1 and Sudan Nile 2, with the first showing a maximum of 12% inferred Arabian-related ancestry, and the second upwards of 48%. The main difference between the pooled clusters was the proportion of the component related to Saudi Arabia, with less of such ancestry more commonly seen in the Nubians and Beja on average.
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abq2616
Sudanese Arab

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