History of Prehistoric Archeological Industries! ❌

Will be archiving studies, pics and data from old populations from around the world

African Industries:
Nazler Khater
🔗The inner ear of Nazlet Khater 2 (Upper Paleolithic, Egypt) - PubMed (nih.gov)

🔴Aterians


🔴Neolithic Libya/Southern Maghreb

https://www.academia.edu/4479911/Re-entering_the_central_Sahara_at_the_onset_of_the_Holocene_A_territorial_approach_to_Early_Acacus_hunter_gatherers_SW_Libya_
In 2002, described 3 human remains from amekni rock in south algeria, there was neolithic sudanese pottery, and the three humans were described as "negroid". 
🔗A Dictionary of Archaeology - Google Books
In 2006, 3 Acasus Hunter-Gatherers were having Dental morphology and morphometry more akin to Sub-Saharan Africans.
🔗(PDF) Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya). BY M. Tafuri, R. A. Bentley et al | Dalia Pokutta - Academia.edu
In 2015, the small sample from Takaroki, was similar to the Kiffians/Tenerians of Gobero.
🔗(PDF) Modern Beams for Ancient Mummies Computerized Tomography of the Holocene Mummified Remains from Wadi Takarkori (Acacus, South-Western Libya; Middle Pastoral) | Gino Fornaciari - Academia.edu
Two individuals from this period had preserved tissue through mummification, which allowed archaeologists to analyze the first ancient DNA from the Sahara. Work on Saharan ancient DNA had been previously unsuccessful due to the lack of preservation. The results from the ancient DNA samples show that the two women were belonging to Haplogroup N.
🔗Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic ‘green’ Sahara | Scientific Reports (nature.com)
🔗(PDF) Medical imaging as a taphonomic tool: The naturally-mummified bodies from Takarkori rock shelter (Tadrart Acacus, SW Libya, 6100-5600 uncal BP) (researchgate.net)
Upcoming abstacts include: 'Genomes from Pastoral Neolithic Sahara reveal ancestral north African lineage'
The first report of the first ancient human genome-wide data from the Saharan Pastoral Neolithic. They obtained genomic data from two ca. 7000-year old female pastoralists buried in the Takarkori rock shelter at the heart of the Tadrart Acacus massif in southwestern Libya, which was used as a burial ground by pastoral communities. Both individuals are most closely related to the preceding 15,000-year-old foragers from Morocco associated with the Iberomaurusian techno-complex, whereas both Takarkori and Iberomaurusian individuals are distantly related to sub-Saharan African lineages. The quality of one of the genomes from Takarkori is sufficient to detect prospective Neandertal ancestry.
Ref12921021
🔗https://kulubnarti.wordpress.com/2023/10/15/first-genomes-from-the-ancient-sahara-detect-two-different-groups-of-pastoralist-inhabitants/
Uan Muguggiag (~3,400 BCE)
In 1958-1959, an archaeological expedition led by Antonio Ascenzi conducted anthropological, radiological, histological, and chemical analyses on the Uan Muhuggiag mummy. Morphological, anthropometric, radiological, histological, and chemical examination was performed. By these means it was possible to deduce the child had negroid characteristics.
🔗Mummies, disease, and ancient cultures : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive
🔗(PDF) Antonio Ascenzi (1915-2000), a pathologist devoted to anthropology and paleopathology | Valentina Giuffra - Academia.edu
In 2002, a documentary (https://youtu.be/A-FJGpD-8Xs) noted that the population movements in the humid period of Libya involved Black African populations coming from the south, and Mediterranean communities from the Near East and Eastern Sahara. The archeologists and antrhopologists continued that Libya has been a great melting pot through out its history, but what surprised them was how far back in time it goes, involving the intermingling of White Mediterranean types with Negroid Saharan Types. Some of these groups in the rock art were considered to be distinct from Uan Mahuggiag, being more Mediterranean, and they concluded that it was a mixed race culture which mummified Uan Mahuggiag.

Tashwinat Mummy from Red Castle Museum in Libya

In 2007, the cranial morphology is suggestive of an admixture pattern between Mediterranean and sub-Saharan phenotypes, corroborating mtDNA analyses placing the Wadi Tanezzuft populations within the North African/Mediterranean gene pool.
🔗Reconsidering the emergence of social complexity in early Saharan pastoral societies, 5000 – 2500 B.C. - PMC (nih.gov)
Soukopova (2013) referenced a laboratory examination of the cutaneous features of the child buried at the site in which the results verified that remains of the child possessed a dark skin complexion.
🔗Round Heads: The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara - Jitka Soukopova - Google Books

Middle-Eastern Industries:
🔴Natufians (~13,000 BCE) (🧬N=5)
1932, Sir Arthur the paleolithic inhabitants of the Levant, whom he called Natufians. He said they were a peculiar people, not to be identified with any living race, but approach most closely to living Mediterranean races. However, they had several features which stood out dolichocephalic, with incidences of sub-nasal prognathism. 
🔗https://www.nature.com/articles/130284a0
In 1939, Charleston S Coon described the Natufians as Mediterranean.
🔗https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=kCjHDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
In 1972, “..one can identify Negroid (Ethiopic or Bushmanoid?) traits of nose and prognathism appearing in Natufian latest hunters (McCown, 1939) and in Anatolian and Macedonian first farmers, probably from Nubia via the unknown predecesors of the Badarians and Tasians....". (Angel 1972. Biological Relations of Egyptians and Eastern Mediterranean Populations
Biological relations of Egyptian and eastern Mediterranean populations

 during Pre-dynastic and Dynastic times - ScienceDirectFace of a man who died 9,500 years ago, brought to life by scientists | Tech News | Metro News

Ancestral Whispers
Anthropologist C. Loring Brace (2006) cross-analysed the craniometric traits of Natufian specimens with those of various ancient and modern groups from the Near East, Africa and Europe. The Late Pleistocene Epipalaeolithic Natufian sample was described as problematic due to its small size (consisting of only 3 males and one female), as well as the lack of a comparative sample from the Natufians' putative descendants in the Neolithic Near-East. Nontheless, Brace observed that the Natufian fossils lay between those of the Niger-Congo series included and the other samples (Near East, Europe), which he suggested may point to a Sub-Saharan influence in their constitution. He elaborated: "This placement suggests that there may have been a Sub-Saharan African element in the make-up of the Natufians (the putative ancestors of the subsequent Neolithic), although in this particular test there is no such evident presence in the North African or Egyptian samples. As shown in Fig 1, the Somalis and the Egyptian Bronze Age sample from Naqada may also have a hint of a Sub-Saharan African component. That was not borne out in the canonical variate plot (Fig 2), and there was no evidence of such an involvement in the Algerian Neolithic (Gambetta) sample." In another dendrogram, the Natufian of Israel ties to the French Mesolithic and then to the Afalou/Taforalt sample from North Africa. The interbreeding of the incoming Neolithic people with the in situ foragers diluted the Sub-Saharan traces that may have come with the Neolithic spread so that no discoverable element of that remained. In the same study, the later Levantine Neolithic samples clustered with Middle Easterners, Europeans and North Africans. In contrast to the cranial analysis, the dental morphology of Natufians did not cluster with Sub-Saharan Africans, but Mediterranean groups.
🔗The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form - PMC (nih.gov)
A later study in 2008 inferred a migration from Africa during the Pleistocene into the Levant and subsequently Anatolia, due to the presence of the PN2 subclades that are present in the Mediterranean and Near-East. These groups would have had affinities with Sub-Saharan African populations, and spread these genetic lineages. They also considered this migration because of the presence of the sickle cell trait in Mediterranean populations, that is similar to the Benin sickle cell haplotype, which is said to originate in West Africa. It would follow the expansion of the mosquito and human populations, who would transition and begin settling.
🔗(PDF) Cranial Discrete Traits in a Byzantine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements (researchgate.net)
Ancient DNA analyses conducted by Iosif Lazaridis et al. (2016) found that all 5 samples carried Y-DNA E1b1b, and mtDNA J2a2 and N1b. The Natufians were a mix of 50% Basal Eurasian, and 50% Unknown Hunter-Gatherer (now known to be Dzudzuana of Caucasus in Georgia), and different strains of Western Eurasians, with no affinities to Sub-Saharan Africans based on the genome-wide analysis, or any admixture from them. There greatest affinity is with South West Asians and Mediterraneans. Contact with Anatolian Farmers, Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers, Neolithic Iranians and other groups was said to decrease the genomic variability in the Levant. The Basal Eurasian component was said to lack significant Neanderthal admixture, which was present in their Hunter-Gatherer component, 🔗Natufians had ample Neanderthal ancestry and genes. The oldest samples of Natufian Hunter gathers in Jericho 14k years old had MTDNA Jk2 and N1, Natufians were 78%Dzudzuana.
🔗The genetic structure of the world’s first farmers | bioRxiv
🔗Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East | Nature
In 2018, it was revealed that the Iberomaurusians and Natufians shared or received ancestry from a larger population that lived in North Africa or the Middle East around 15,000 years ago, because of the lack of affinity with Natufians and Africans.
🔗Oldest DNA from Africa offers clues to mysterious ancient culture | Science | AAAS
2018 dental study found that the Natufians
🔗https://journal.dentalanthropology.org/index.php/jda/article/view/209
🔗https://www.academia.edu/80821727/Who_Were_the_Natufians_A_Dental_Assessment_of_their_Biological_Coherency
Daniel Shriner (2018), using modern populations as a reference, showed that the Natufians carried 61.2% Arabian, 21.2% Northern African, 10.9% Western Asian, and a small amount of Eastern African ancestry at 6.8% which is associated with the modern Omotic-speaking groups of Southern Ethiopia. The study suggested that this component may be the source of Haplogroup E among Natufians and the transition in the Levant from the Epipaleolithic to the Neolithic period involved an increase of Arabian ancestry at the expense of Northern African and Omotic ancestries.
🔗Re-analysis of Whole Genome Sequence Data From 279 Ancient Eurasians Reveals Substantial Ancestral Heterogeneity - PMC (nih.gov)

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/genetics/articles/10.3389/fgene.2018.00268/full
A pre-print from 2018 which is still unpublished, inferred admixture from the Iberomarusians, into the Natufians, with the other component in Natufians being Dzudzuana. However, other scientists concluded that more evidence and ancient samples are needed to come to definitive origins for North African paleolithic groups.
🔗Paleolithic DNA from the Caucasus reveals core of West Eurasian ancestry | bioRxiv
🔗Chapter 7 Paleogenomics of the Neolithic Transition in North Africa in: Africa, the Cradle of Human Diversity (brill.com)
Ferreira et al. (2021) found that ancient Natufians cluster very tightly with modern Saudi Arabians, Bedouins and Yemenis. They were also close to and ancestral to the Levant PPNB/C and the later Levantine Bronze Age samples.
Projecting Ancient Ancestry in Modern-Day Arabians and Iranians: A Key Role of the Past Exposed Arabo-Persian Gulf on Human Migrations - PMC (nih.gov)

Pre-Pottery Neolithic (~10,000 BCE) (🧬N=)
The Homo I skeleton showed traits similar to Natufian populations, but had its own unique morphologic structure and was distinct from present Mediterranean populations, which evidenced inbreeding in the community. The researchers emphasized that one skeleton is not an adequate sample on which to base conclusions. Inland and coastal groups present different types of economical and cultural adaptations to their environment, but an interesting aspect of the fossil was specifically with its nasal index which were having some traits considered Negroid, anomalous features potentially caused by an isolated an small inbred community. The skull lacked sub-nasal prognathism and other characteristics associated with African Negroes. 
🔗The morphological significance of the Homo I Skeleton from the PPNB submerged site at Atlit-Yam, Israel - Persée (persee.fr)
15 skeletons of the PPNB were 
🔗Ancient DNA analysis of 8000 B.C. near eastern farmers supports an early neolithic pioneer maritime colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands - PubMed (nih.gov)
Lazardis et al. (2017) discovered that the PPNB farming populations were a mixture of 66% Natufian, and 33% Anatolian Farmer (EEF). In another sutdy Levant_PPNB has 60.5% ± 6.0% ISR_Natufian_EpiP-related ancestry and 39.5% ± 6.0% TUR_Barcin_N-related ancestry
🔗Ref3232321132

Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia | Science
In 2023
🔗Isotopic and DNA analyses reveal multiscale PPNB mobility and migration across Southeastern Anatolia and the Southern Levant - PMC (nih.gov)
Upcoming studies include: 'The Genetic Signature of Moza Through the lens of aDNA: Investigating Kinship, Migrations and Genetic continuity of Levantine early farmers' which sampled 30 PPNB individuals in the Levant.
🔗https://cris.vub.be/ws/portalfiles/portal/111629736/UKAS_2024_AbstractBook.pdf

Archeological Remains

*credit: Plastered Skulls from Tell Aswad, Syria from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B

https://journals.openedition.org/syria/321

https://sites.utexas.edu/dsb/ain-ghazal/the-plastered-skulls/
Faiyum A Culture (~6,000 BCE)
Oldest farming industry in Egypt 7,000 years ago
Ref32323223

European Industries:
🔴Anatolian Farmers

*credit: 🔗Migrations of Anatolian Farmers, Iosif Lazardis

The study also found connection between the studied Sagalassos population with Eastern Mediterranean populations primarily, and Sub-Saharan and Central and Northern European populations.
Cranial discrete traits in a Byzantine population and eastern Mediterranean population movements - PubMed (nih.gov)

🔗Neolithic facial reconstruction reveals secrets of Gibraltar's earliest humans (nationalgeographic.com)
In 2018, David Reich explained that the phenotypica data shows that the first farmers of Europe had dark hair, light skin and brown eyes. This was similarly noted by Carles Lalueza-Fox (2022) that based on the data Anatolian farmers had brown eyes and fair skin in contrast to the blue eyed hunter gatherers.
Who We are and how We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human ... - David Reich (Of Harvard Medical School) - Google Books
Inequality: A Genetic History - Carles Lalueza-Fox - Google Books
In 2019
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09209-7

In 2022
The genomic origins of the world’s first farmers - ScienceDirect
"Neolithic Anatolian-related farmer ancestry is concentrated around the Mediterranean basin, with high levels in southern Europe, the Near East, and North Africa, including the Horn of Africa, but is less frequent in Northern Europe. This is in direct contrast to the Steppe-related ancestry, which is found in high levels in northern Europe, peaking in Ireland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, but decreases further south."
Population Genomics of Stone Age Eurasia (unibe.ch)

Genetic Study Suggests Migrants Brought Farming to North Africa - Archaeology Magazine

Other Findings!
In a collection of 12 skulls, all 11 were Mediterranean and similar to Southern Europeans and Modern Maltese, who were said to be the direct descendants. However, the 1 Skull which has now gone missing, was described as completely different to the rest, and was of probable Negroid origin. An entry in the 1840 magazine of Malta, said that it was belonging to the Ethiopian family.
🔗Missing archaeological artefacts linking Malta to ancient world (timesofmalta.com)
🔗The Hal-Saflieni prehistoric Hypogeum at Casal Paula, Malta. Part 1: First report. Part 2 second report : The small objects and the human skulls found in the Hal-Saflieni prehistoric hypogeum at Casal Paula, Malta complete (meretsegerbooks.com)
🔗The Malta penny magazine - Google Books